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43 

Bulletin  268  Maech  1925 


drntrertirut  Agriritliural  lExpmmtttt  i^tattim 


REPORT  ON  INSPECTION 

OF 

COMMERCIAL  FEEDING  STUFFS 

1924 

E.  M.  BAILEY 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Connecticut 
who  apply  for  them,  and  to  other  applicants  as  far  as  the  editions  permit. 


CONNECTICUT  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

OFFICERS  AND  STAFF 
March,  1925. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 
His  Excellency,  John  H.  Trumbull,  ex-officio,  President. 

Charles  R.  Treat,  Vice-President. .  .  ]    Orange 

George  A.  Hopson,  Secretary Mount  Carmel 

Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven 

Joseph  W.  Alsop Avon 

Elijah  Rogers Southington 

Edward  C.  Schneider Middletown 

Francis  F.  Lincoln Cheshire 

STAFF. 
E.  H.  Jenkins,  Ph.D.,  Director  Emeritus. 


Administration. 


Chemistry: 
Analytical 
Laboratory. 


Biochemical 
Laboratory. 

Botany. 


Entomology. 


Forestry. 

,       Plant  Breeding. 
Soil  Research. 


Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  B.Sc,  Director  and  Treasurer. 
Miss  L.  M.  Brautlecht,  Bookkeeper  and  Librarian. 
Miss  J.  V.  Berger,  Stenographer  and  Bookkeeper. 
Miss  Mary  Bradley,  Secretary. 
William  Veitch,  In  Charge  of  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

E.  M.  Bailey,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

R.  E.  Andrew,  M.A.         ] 

C.  E.  Shepard  j 

Owen  L.  Nolan  >     Assistant  Chemists. 

Harry  J.  Fisher,  A.B. 

W.  T.  Mathis  ) 

Frank  C.  Sheldon,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

V.  L.  Churchill,  Sampling  Agent. 

Miss  Mabel  Bacon,  Stenographer. 

T.  B.  Osborne,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 


G.  P.  Clinton,  Sc.D.,  Botanist  in  Charge. 

E.  M.  Stoddard,  B.S.,  Pomologist. 

Miss  Florence  A.  McCormick,  Ph.D.,  Pathologist. 

Willis  R.  Hunt,  Graduate  Assistant. 

G.  E.  Graham,  General  Assistant. 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Kelsey,  Secretary. 

W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.D.,  Entomologist  in  Charge;  State  Entomologist. 

B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr. 

M.  P.  Zappe,  B.S.  \     Assistant  Entomologists. 

Philip  Garman,  Ph.D.      J 

Roger  B.  Friend,  B.Sc,  Graduate  Assistant. 

John  T.  Ashworth,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Gipsy  Moth  Work. 

R.  C.  Botsford,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Mosquito  Elimination. 

Miss  Gladys  M.  Finley,  Stenographer. 

Walter  O.  Filley,  Forester  in  Charge. 
A.  E.  Moss,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
H.  W.  Hicock,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
Miss  Pauline  A.  Merchant,  Stenographer. 

Donald  F.  Jones,  S.D.,  Geneticist  in  Charge. 
P.  C.  Mangelsdorf,  M.S.,  Graduate  Assistant. 

M.  F.  Morgan,  M.S.,  Investigator 

George  D.  Scarseth,  B.S.,  Graduate  Assistant. 


Tobacco  Sub-station  — 
at  Windsor.  N- 


In  Charge. 

T.  Nelson,  Ph.D.,  Plant  Physiologist. 


The  Wilson  H.  Lee  Co. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

Role  of  the  Nutrients 497 

Digestible  Nutrients 499 

Classification  of  Samples 499 

Inspection  of  1924 499 

Remarks  on  Analyses 500 

Summary  of  Deficiencies 504 

Analyses  of  Official  Samples 505 

Miscellaneous  Samples 529 

Analyses  of  Miscellaneous  Samples 530 


THE  NEW  LAW  RELATING  TO  FEEDING  STUFFS. 

A  law  relating  to  Concentrated  Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs  was 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly,  session  of  1925,  and  is  now  in  force. 
Rules  and  regulations  for  enforcement  of  the  law  will  be  issued,  as 
provided  in  the  act,  but  the  essential  provisions  as  they  differ  from 
the  old  law  may  be  here  noted.  Copies  of  the  law  may  be  ob- 
tained from  this  Station  upon  request. 

" 'Concentrated  Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs"  defined.  Section  1 
of  the  law  defines  the  term  "concentrated  commercial  feeding 
stuffs"  in  substantially  the  same  way  that  it  is  defined  in  the  old 
law ;  and  with  the  same  exemptions..  Scratch  grains  are  classed  as 
concentrated  feeds. 

Labelling.  Section  2  defines  how  concentrated  commercial 
feeding  stuffs  shall  be  labelled.  The  label  must  declare  (1)  the 
number  of  net  pounds  of  feed  in  the  package;  (2)  the  name,  brand 
or  trade  mark  under  which  the  article  is  sold;  (3)  the  name  and 
address  of  the  manufacturer  or  importer;  (4)  a  statement  of  the 
minimum  percentages  of  (a)  crude  protein,  (b)  crude  fat,  and 
(c)  the  maximum  percentage  of  crude  fiber ;  and  (5)  in  case  of  feeds 
composed  of  two  or  more  ingredients,  the  name  of  each  ingredient 
contained  therein. 

Registration  and  registration  fee.  Section  3  requires  the  annual 
registration  of  concentrated  commercial  feeding  stuffs  and  a 
registration  fee  of  fifteen  dollars  ($15.00)  for  each  brand.  Regis- 
tration is  to  be  made  with  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  on  or  before  September  1,  1925,  and  annually  there- 
after. 

Duties  of  Manufacturers.  Manufacturers,  jobbers  or  individuals 
shipping  feeds  into  Connecticut  will  be  expected  to  register  their 
brands  and  pay  the  necessary  fees  thereon.  Connecticut  dealers 
should  assure  themselves  that  the  brands  they  handle  are  properly 
registered.  In  case  the  manufacturer  or  jobber  outside  the  State 
neglects  or  refuses  to  register,  the  dealer  who  handles  such  feeds 
will  be  held  responsible  for  such  registration  and  registration  fee. 

Dealers  within  the  State  who  mix  their  own  brands  are  responsi- 
ble for  the  registration  and  proper  labelling  thereof. 

Cottonseed  Meal.  Cottonseed  meal  registered  as  required  by  the 
fertilizer  law  is  not  exempt  from  registration  also  under  the  feed 
law  if  sold  for  feeding  purposes. 

Meaning  of  "Brand".  It  is  held  that  a  distinct  brand  name  or  a 
distinct  guaranty  constitutes  a  distinct  brand. 

Affixing  Tags.  The  use  of  wire  or  any  metal  in  affixing  tags  is 
prohibited  by  law. 


Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs. 

E.  M.  Bailey.* 


ROLE  OF  THE  NUTRIENTS. 

Water.  Air  dry  feeding  stuffs,  whether  concentrates  or  rough- 
age, still  contain  some  moisture  which  cannot  be  seen  or  felt.  The 
amount  of  such  moisture  averages  not  far  from  ten  per  cent. 
While  not  a  nutrient  in  the  ordinary  sense,  water  is  essential  to 
the  animal;  but  since  it  is  obtained  in  abundance  from  sources 
other  than  the  feed,  its  presence  therein  is  not  of  importance. 
Excessive  amounts,  however,  jeopardize  the  keeping  qualities  of  a 
feed  and  automatically  reduce  the  percentage  of  the  more  desirable 
ingredients. 

Ash.  The  importance  of  mineral  constituents  in  feeds  is  empha- 
sized by  the  fact  that  animals  fed  upon  rations  deprived  largely 
or  entirely  of  ash  constituents  generally  die  sooner  than  animals 
which  have  been  given  no  food  at  all.  Given  stock  mineral 
matter  in  addition  to  that  obtained  in  the  daily  ration  is  an  old 
and  familiar  practice  among  experienced  stockmen  who  have  long 
"salted  their  cattle"  with  common  salt  (sodium  chloride),  the 
commercial  grades  of  which  contain  small  and  varying  amounts 
of  other  minerals,  such  as  calcium,  magnesium,  iron  and  phos- 
phorus and  sulphur.  Recent  studies  in  nutrition  have  shown 
some  of  the  specific  needs  which  minerals  satisfy  in  the  vital 
processes.  Thus  big  neck  in  calves,  colts  and  lambs,  and  hairless- 
ness  in  pigs  are  now  attributed  to  iodine  deficiency  in  the  feed; 
and  defective  skeletal  formation  in  growing  animals  is  due  either 
to  a  lack  of  calcium  and  phosphorous  or  to  an  absence  of  the 
necessary  agency  to  make  the  proper  utilization  of  these  minerals 
possible,  for  it  has  been  shown  that  without  what  has  been  called 
the  fourth,  or  antirachitic,  vitamine  which  is  present  in  cod  liver 
oil  and  in  green  plant  tissues,  calcium  and  phosphorus  cannot  be 
properly  assimilated. 

Protein.  This  nutrient  group  is  estimated  by  determining  the 
amount  of  nitrogen  which  a  feed  contains  and  multiplying  that 
amount  by  the  factor  6.25  on  the  assumption  that  proteins  uni- 
formly contain  16  per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  While  this  method  of 
estimation  is  not  strictly  accurate  it  is  as  close  an  approximation 
as  it  is  generally  possible  or  practicable  to  get.  From  protein  the 
body  repairs  waste,  builds  new  tissue  and,  to  a  lesser  extent, 
derives  heat  and  energy.  It  was  formerly  thought  that  all  proteins 
were  adequate  for  all  these  processes,  but  it  is  a  comparatively 

*  Analyses  are  chiefly  by  Messrs.  Nolan  and  Mathis;  inspection  and 
sampling  by  Mr.  Churchill;  and  compilation  largely  by  Miss  Bacon. 


498  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN   268. 

recent  contribution  to  our  knowledge  that  they  are  not.  Protein 
is  a  complex  substance  made  up  of  nineteen  separate  parts  called 
amino  acids.  Proteins  which  contain  some  of  all  the  various 
amino  acids  are  called  "complete"  proteins;  those  in  which  one  or 
more  amino  acids  are  lacking  are  called  "incomplete".  Undoubt- 
edly all  these  separate  parts  play  some  role  in  vital  processes; 
more  particularly  we  know  that  tryptophane  and  lysine  are 
essential  to  a  normal  rate  of  growth.  The  proteins  of  cereal 
grains  are  relatively  low  in  the  two  amino  acids  just  mentioned 
while  proteins  of  animal  origin,  such  as  milk,  meat,  and  eggs,  are 
rich  in  these  two  substances;  thus  the  logic  of  supplementing  grain 
rations  with  skimmed  milk  or  tankage  is  apparent.  Grain  mix- 
tures alone  may  suffice  if  fed  in  sufficient  quantity  but  it  may 
happen  that  the  energy  requirements  of  the  animal  will  become 
satisfied  by  non-protein  constituents  of  the  ration  and  its  appetite 
fail  before  enough  of  the  necessary  amino  acids  has  been  acquired. 

Knowledge  of  digestible  nutrients  and  nutritive  rations  are  not 
the  final  criteria  by  which  rations  are  to  be  adjusted.  The  right 
kind  and  quality  of  protein  must  be  supplied. 

Crude  Fiber.  By  this  term  is  meant  the  coarser  and  more 
woody  tissue  characteristic  of  all  forms  of  roughage  and  present 
in  the  outer  coats  of  cereal  and  other  fodder  grains.  It  belongs  to 
the  carbohydrate  group  and  is,  in  part,  digested  by  ruminant 
animals.  Its  chief  value  lies  in  its  mechanical  effect  in  the 
intestinal  tract. 

Nitrogen-free  Extract.  In  this  class  are  included  the  relatively 
more  digestible  carbohydrates  of  the  starch  and  sugar  types. 
Their  principal  role  in  nutrition  is  to  supply  heat  and  energy,  but 
they  have  also  the  power  of  sparing  protein,  by  which  is  meant 
that  when  fed  together  with  protein  they  reduce  the  amount  of  the 
latter  food  required.  An  excess  of  this  carbohydrate  group  over 
the  immediate  needs  of  the  body  can  be  transformed  into  fat  and 
stored  in  the  body  tissue. 

The  term  "carbohydrate"  as  applied  to  a  feeding  stuff  properly 
means  "crude  fiber"  and  "nitrogen-free  extract"  combined. 
Nitrogen-free  extract  is  obtained  by  deducting  from  100  per  cent. 
the  sum  of  the  percentages  of  moisture,  ash,  protein,  fiber  and  fat 
(ether  extract). 

Fat  {Ether  Extract).  Fats,  like  the  carbohydrates,  furnish 
energy  to  the  body  and  like  them  also,  but  to  a  lesser  extent,  spare 
protein.  As  energy  producers  their  value  is  2.25  times  greater 
than  that  of  either  carbohydrate  or  protein.  This  ether-soluble 
material  is  in  all  cases  crude  fat,  by  which  we  understand  that 
non-fatty  substances  like  chlorophyll  and  coloring  matter  may 
be  included  therein. 

Accessory  Nutritive  Factors.  In  this  class  are  included  the 
vitamines.  There  is  not  likely  to  be  a  deficiency  of  the  vitamines 
A,  B  and  C  in  rations  of  domestic  animals;  and  they  will  not  lack 


INSPECTION    OF    1924. 


499 


the  antirachitic  vitamine  if  green  fodder  or  properly  cured  legumi- 
nous hay  is  supplied.  The  beneficial  influence  of  sunlight  upon  the 
growth  and  development  of  animals  has  also  been  strikingly 
'demonstrated,  and  it  may  be  classed  with  the  vitamines  as  an 
accessory  nutritive  factor. 

Digestible  Nutrients. 

Coefficients  of  digestibility  for  some  common  commercial  con- 
centrates are  given  in  the  following  table. 

Table  I.     Coefficients  of  Digestibility  of  Feeding  Stuffs1 


Feed. 


Average 

dry 
matter, 
lbs.  per 

hundred. 


Coefficient  of  digestibility. 


Protein 


Fiber. 


Nitro- 
gen free 
extract. 


Fat. 


Cottonseed  Meal 

Cottonseed  Feed 

Linseed  Meal  (Old  Process) 

Wheat  Bran 

Wheat  Middlings 

Wheat  Feed 

Rye  Feed 

Buckwheat  Middlings 

Oat  Feed 

Oat  Middlings 

Corn  Gluten  Feed 

Corn  Gluten  Meal 

Hominy  Feed 

Brewers'  Grains 

Dried  Beet  Pulp 


92.2 

84 

37 

75 

91.7 

58 

45 

61 

90.9 

89 

57 

78 

89.9 

78 

31 

72 

89.6 

77 

30 

78 

89.9 

77 

36 

76 

88.5 

80 

88 

88.0 

87 

-  32 

86 

93.5 

75 

42 

46 

93.1 

80 

49 

85 

91.3 

85 

76 

88 

90.9 

85 

55 

90 

89.9 

66 

76 

90 

'  92.5 

81 

49  • 

57 

91.8 

52 

83 

83 

95 
90 
89 
68 
88 
87 
90 
83 
78 
93 
85 
93 
91 
89 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  SAMPLES. 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs  and  other  fodder  materials  examined 
during  the  past  year  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Official  samples  drawn  by  the  Station  agent 200 

Samples  submitted  by  purchasers  or  drawn  by  the  Station 

agent  upon  request 63 

Samples  examined  in  connection  with  experimental  work  at 

the  Storrs  Station 91 

Total 354 


INSPECTION  OF  1924. 

Two  hundred  official  samples  were  drawn  by  the  Station  agent 
during  November  and  December,  1924.    These  samples  and  those 

1  Henry  and  Morrison:  Feeds  and  Feeding,  18th  Ed. 


Proprietary  Horse  Feeds . 
Stock       "    .  . 

3 
21 

Dairy.  "  .  . 
Hog  "  .  . 
Poultry    ".  .  . 

37 
1 

38 

500  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION     '         BULLETIN   268. 

submitted  by,  or  at  the  request  of,  purchasers  are  discussed  in  this 
report. 

Samples  secured  for  inspection  purposes  may  be  classified  as 
follows : 

Cottonseed  Products 8 

Linseed  Products 6 

Wheat  Products 38 

Rye  Products 1 

Maize  Products 17 

Brewers'     and     Distillers'  Beef  Scrap 20 

Products 4  

Dried  Beet  Pulp 6  Total 200 

Remarks  on  Analyses. 

(Analyses  in  Table  II,  pages  505-526.) 

Definitions  of  feeding  stuffs  here  quoted  are  those  adopted  by  the 
Association  of  Feed  Control  Officials. 

COTTONSEED  meal. 

41.12  Per  cent.  Protein  Cottonseed  Meal,  Choice  Quality,  must  be  finely 
ground,  not  necessarily  bolted,  perfectly  sound  and  sweet  in  odor,  yellow, 
free  from  excess  of  lint,  and  must  contain  at  least  41.12  per  cent,  crude 
protein,  equivalent  to  8  per  cent,  of  ammonia. 

Cottonseed  meal  not  fulfilling  the  above  requirements  as  to  color,  odor, 
or  texture,  shall  be  branded  Off  Quality. 

88.56  Per  cent.  Protein  Cottonseed  Meal,  Prime  Quality,  must  be  finely 
ground,  not  necessarily  bolted,  of  sweet  odor,  reasonably  bright  in  color, 
yellow,  not  brown  or  reddish,  free  from  excess  of  lint,  and  must  contain 
at  least  38.56  per  cent,  crude  protein,  equivalent  to  7.5  per  cent,  of  am- 
monia. 

Cottonseed  meal  not  fulfilling  the  above  requirements  as  to  color,  odor 
or  texture,  shall  be  branded  Off  Quality. 

36  Per  Cent.  Protein  Cottonseed  Meal,  Good  Quality,  must  be  finely 
ground,  not  necessarily  bolted,  of  sweet  odor,  reasonably  bright  in  color, 
free  from  excess  lint  and  must  contain  at  least  36  per  cent,  crude  protein, 
equivalent  to  7  per  cent,  of  ammonia. 

Cottonseed  Meal  not  fulfilling  the  above  requirements  as  to  color,  odor 
or  texture,  shall  be  branded  Off  Quality. 

Seven  samples  were  examined  two  of  which  viz.,  Dixie,  778,  and 
Neal's  Choice,  749,  were  deficient  by  large  amounts.  Dixie, 
guaranteed  41.12  per  cent,  of  protein  and  not  over  10  per  cent,  of 
fiber  was  found  to  contain  33.75  per  cent,  of  protein  and  13.88 
per  cent,  of  fiber.  Analysis  of  the  duplicate  which  was  left  with  the 
dealer  by  our  agent,  No.  1419,  showed  34.88  per  cent,  of  protein. 
In  the  case  of  Neal's  Choice,  749,  the  guaranty  called  for  43  per 
cent,  protein  and  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  fiber  whereas  34.38 
per  cent,  of  protein  and  13.93  per  cent,  of  fiber  were  found.  This 
stock  was  resampled,  No.  1361,  and  showed  a  protein  content  of 
33.88  per  cent.  These  deficiencies  are  unusual;  the  products  were, 
in  fact,  cottonseed  feeds. 

The  other  samples  met  the  guaranties  in  all  respects. 


INSPECTION  OF   1924.  501 


COTTONvSEED    FEED. 

Cottonseed  Feed  is  a  mixture  of  cottonseed  meal  and  cottonseed  hulls 
containing  less  than  36  per  cent,  protein, 

One  sample,  Danish,  728,  fully  met  the  guaranty. 

LINSEED    MEAL. 

Linseed  Cake  or  -Meal  is  oil  cake  or  meal  made  from  flaxseed,  provided 
that  the  final  product  shall  contain  less  than  6  per  cent,  of  weed  seeds  and 
other  foreign  materials,  and  provided  further  that  no  portion  of  the  stated 
6  per  cent,  of  weed  seeds  and  other  foreign  materials  shall  be  deliberately- 
added. 

Old  Process  Oil  Meal,  Old  Process  Linseed  Meal  is  oil  meal  as  defined  or 
linseed  meal  as  defined  produced  by  crushing,  cooking  and  hydraulic 
pressure. 

The  six  samples  examined  substantially  met  or  exceeded  the 
guaranties  in  all  respects.  The  average  protein  content  was  32.57 
per  cent,  which  is  a  little  higher  than  was  found  a  year  ago.  The 
prices  quoted  ranged  from  $53.00  to  $60.00  and  averaged  $57.67. 

WHEAT    BRAN. 

Wheat  Bran  is  the  coarse  outer  covering  of  the  wheat  kernel  as  separated 
from  cleaned  and  scoured  wheat  in  the  usual  process  of  commercial  milling. 

Eleven  samples  were  examined  all  of  which  satisfied  the  guaran- 
ties for  protein  and  for  fat.  Fiber  guaranties,  where  given,  were 
not  exceeded.  The  average  protein  found,  15.71  per  cent.,  exceeded 
the  average  guaranteed  by  about  1.5  per  cent.,  and  the  average 
fat  content,  5.27  per  cent,  exceeded  the  average  guaranty  by  about 
the  same  amount. 

WHEAT   MIDDLINGS. 

Standard  Middlings  consists  mostly  of  fine  particles  of  bran,  germ  and 
very  little  of  the  fibrous  offal  obtained  from  the  "tail  of  the  mill."  This 
product  must  be  obtained  in  the  usual  commercial  process  of  milling  and 
shall  not  contain  more  than  9.5  per  cent,  crude  fiber. 

Flour  Middlings  shall  consist  of  standard  middlings  and  red  dog  flour 
combined  in  the  proportion  obtained  in  the  usual  process  of  milling  and 
shall  not  contain  more  than  6.0  per  cent,  crude  fiber. 

Red  Dog  Flour  consists  of  a  mixture  of  low-grade  flour,  fine  particles  of 
bran  and  the  fibrous  offal  from  the  "tail  of  the  mill"  and  shall  not  contain 
more  than  4.0  per  cent,  crude  fiber. 

Brown  Shorts  (Red  Shorts)  consists  mostly  of  the  fine  particles  of  bran, 
germ  and  very  little  of  the  fibrous  offal  obtained  from  the  "tail  of  the  mill". 
This  product  must  be  obtained  in  the  usual  commercial  process  of  milling. 

Gray  Shorts  (Gray  Middlings  or  Total  Shorts)  consists  of  the  fine  particles 
of  the  outer  bran,  the  inner  bran  or  bee- wing  bran,  the  germ  and  the  offal  or 
fibrous  materials  obtained  from  the  "tail  of  the  mill".  This  product  must 
be  obtained  in  the  usual  process  of  commercial  milling. 

White  Shorts  or  White  Middlings  consists  of  a  small  portion  of  the  fine 
bran  particles  and  the  germ  and  a  large  portion  of  the  fibrous  offal  obtained 
from  the  "tail  of  the  mill."  This  product  must  be  obtained  in  the  usual 
process  of  flour  milling. 


502  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN   268. 

Sixteen  samples  were  analyzed  and  all  conformed  to  the  guar- 
anties for  protein  and  for  fat ;  fiber  guaranties,  so  far  as  given,  were 
not  exceeded.  The  fiber  content  found  did  not  reach  8  per  cent. 
in  any  case  and  the  average  of  all  samples  was  but  slightly  over  6 
per  cent.  The  average  protein  found,  17.1  per  cent.,  exceeds  the 
average  guaranty  by  1.5  per  cent,  and  the  average  fat  found,  5.50 
per  cent.,  exceeded  the  guaranty  by  about  1  per  cent.  The  average 
price  quoted  was  $37.18. 

MIXED    FEED. 

Wheat  Mixed  Feed  (Mill  Run  Wheat  Feed)  consists  of  pure  wheat  bran 
and  the  gray  or  total  shorts  or  flour  middlings  combined  in  the  proportions 
'  obtained  in  the  usual  process  of  commercial  millings. 

Of  eleven  samples  of  mixed  feed  no  single  sample  exceeded  8.50 
per  cent,  of  fiber  while  the  average  for  all  was  7.23  per  cent.  The 
tentative  limit  of  fiber  in  mixed  feed  is  8.50  per  cent.  Protein 
found  exceeded  that  guaranteed  in  all  cases  and  there  were  no 
deficiencies  in  fat.     The  average  of  prices  quoted  was  $43.55. 

RYE    PRODUCTS. 

Rye  Middlings  or  Rye  Feed  is  the  by-product  obtained  from  the  manu- 
facture of  ordinary  "100  per  cent."  rye  flour  from  cleaned  and  scoured  rye 
grain. 

The  single  sample  examined  fully  met  the  guaranty. 

CORN  GLUTEN  FEED. 

Corn  Gluten  Feed  is  that  portion  of  commercial  shelled  corn  that  remains 
after  the  separation  of  the  larger  part  of  the  starch  and  the  germs  by  the 
processes  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cornstarch  and  glucose.  It  may 
or  may  not  contain  corn  solubles. 

The  four  samples  analyzed  fully  satisfied  their  guaranties.  The 
average  protein  found,  25.11  per  cent.,  exceeded  the  average  guar- 
anty by  about  2  per  cent.  The  average  of  prices  quoted  was 
$50.25. 

CORN    GLUTEN    MEAL. 

Com  Gluten  Meal  is  that  part  of  commercial  shelled  corn  that  remains 
after  the  separation  of  the  larger  part  of  the  starch,  the  germ  and  the  bran, 
by  the  processes  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cornstarch  and  glucose. 
It  may  or  may  not  contain  corn  solubles. 

One  sample  was  examined.  It  showed  a  slight  protein  deficiency 
(0.31  per  cent.),  but  the  guaranty  for  fat  was  exceeded. 

HOMINY    FEED. 

Hominy  Feed,  Hominy  Meal  or  Hominy  Chop  is  the  kiln-dried  mixture 
of  the  mill  run  bran  coating,  the  mill  run  germ,  with  or  without  a  partial 


INSPECTION  OF   1924.  503 

extraction  of  the  oil  and  a  part  of  the  starchy  portion  of  the  white  corn 
kernel  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  hominy,  hominy  grits  and  corn  meal 
by  the  degerminating  process. 

Twelve  samples  were  examined  all  of  which  met  or  exceeded 
their  guaranties  for  protein  and  fat  and  none  of  which  exceeded  the 
limits  for  fiber.     The  average  of  prices  quoted  was  $50.75. 

brewers'  and  distillers'  products. 

Brewers'  Dried  Grains  are  the  properly  dried  residue  from  cereals  ob- 
tained in  the  manufacture  of  beer. 

Distillers'  Dried  Grains  are  the  dried  residue  from  cereals  obtained  in 
the  manufacture  of  alcohol  and  distilled  liquors.  The  product  shall  bear 
the  designation  indicating  the  cereal  predominating. 

Four  products  of  this  class  were  examined  and  all  met  or  exceeded 
their  guaranties. 

DRIED    BEET    PULP. 

Dried  Beet  Pulp  is  the  dried  residue  from  sugar  beets  which  have  been 
cleaned  and  freed  from  crowns,  leaves  and  sand,  and  which  have  been  ex- 
tracted in  the  process  of  manufacturing  sugar. 

Three  samples  conformed  substantially  to  the  guaranties.  The 
other  three,  two  of  which  were  imported  stock,  bore  no  statement 
of  composition.     The  average  of  prices  quoted  was  $46. 17. 


PROPRIETARY    MIXED    FEEDS. 

Horse  Feed. 

Three  samples  of  horse  feeds  were  analysed  all  of  which  con- 
formed to  their  guaranties  ■. 

Dairy  Feed. 

In  this  group  are  included  those  feeds  sold  as  dairy  feeds  and 
dairy  rations.  Their  protein  content  generally  varies  between 
20  and  25  per  cent,  with  the  extreme  variation  of  about  17  to  27 
per  cent.  Fat  is  guaranteed  at  from  4  to  6  per  cent,  and  the 
maximum  for  fiber  is  about  10  per  cent.  The  averages  for  29 
samples  examined  were  protein  22.6,  fiber  8.7,  and  fat  5.4  per  cent. 
Prices  quoted  varied  generally  between  $50  and  $55,  range  for  the 
extremes  being  $42  to  $59  with  an  average  of  about  $52. 

Of  the  29  samples  there  were  only  four  deficiencies  in  protein 
which  exceeded  1  per  cent.;  only  three  deficiencies  in  fat  were 
greater  than  0.25  per  cent,  and  only  one  exceeded  0.50  per  cent.; 
and  there  were  no  significant  excesses  of  fiber.  The  protein 
guaranty  of  Nobotheration  Dairy  Ration,  754,  has  been  revised 
in  view  of  the  deficiency  found. 


504  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN    268. 

Stock  Feed. 

Feeds  of  this  class  contain  from  8  to  12  per  cent,  of  protein.  The 
average  protein  found  in  the  19  samples  examined  was  about  10 
per  cent.  No  deficiencies  in  protein  were  found.  There  was  one 
excess  of  fiber  and  four  fat  deficiencies,  three  of  which  were  more 
than  0.5  per  cent.  In  all  nineteen  samples  were  analyzed.  The 
formula  for  Nobotheration  Stock  Feed,  762,  we  are  advised  has 
been  changed  to  meet  the  fat  deficiency  shown.  New  tags  were 
furnished  the  dealer  by  the  manufacturers  of  Pennant  Stock  Feed 
to  revise  the  fat  guaranty. 

Hog  Feed  and  Calf  Feed. 

One  hog  feed  and  two  calf  feeds  were  analyzed.  All  substan- 
tially met  their  guaranties. 

Poultry  Feeds. 

Fifty-eight  samples  of  poultry  feeds,  twenty  of  which  were  meat 
scraps,  were  analyzed.  Of  the  poultry  feeds  there  were  only  three 
shortages  in  protein  and  only  one,  845,  which  exceeded  1  per  cent. 
Fiber  guaranties  so  far  as  they  were  given,  were  exceeded  in  only 
one  sample  and  there  were  no  deficiencies  in  fat. 

Among  the  samples  of  beef  scrap  there  were  three  deficiencies  in 
protein  only  two  of  which,  871  and  852,  were  considerable.  There 
were  no  shortages  in  fat ;  generally  the  guaranty  for  fat  was  largely 
exceeded. 

Summary  of  Deficiencies. 

In  Table  III  are  summarized  deficiencies  as  shown  by  the  inspec- 
tion this  year.  Shortages  in  protein  of  less  than  one  per  cent,  and 
in  fat  of  less  than  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent.,  and  excesses  in  fiber 
of  less  than  one  per  cent,  are  not  included.  It  shows  that  of  the 
two  hundred  samples  examined  eighteen,  or  9  per  cent.,  have 
failed  to  meet  guaranties  in  one  or  more  particulars.  The  law 
prohibiting  the  use  of  wire  in  affixing  tags  has  been  violated  in 
three  instances. 


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CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION 


BULLETIN    268. 


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MISCELLANEOUS    SAMPLES. 


529 


Over  the  five-year  period  1920  to  1924  inclusive,  from  8  to  12  per 
cent,  of  samples  examined  have  been  found  deficient  in  individual 
years.  The  combined  data  for  this  period  shows  that  of  864- 
samples  analyzed  83  have  been  deficient  in  one  or  more  of  the  three 
items,  protein,  fat  and  fiber,  which  is  9.6  per  cent,  of  the  total. 
In  other  words  90.4  per  cent,  of  the  samples  examined  have  sub- 
stantially met  their  guaranties.  The  distribution  of  these  deficien- 
cies is  shown  in  Table  IV. 


Table  IV.    Summary  and  Distribution  of  Deficiencies  for 
Five  Year  Period,  1920  to  1924  Inclusive. 


Cottonseed  Meal 

Cottonseed  Feed 

Linseed  Meal 

Wheat  Bran 

Wheat  Feed 

Wheat  Middlings 

Rye  Products 

Wheat  and  Rye 

Buckwheat 

Oat  Products 

Corn  Gluten  Feed 

Corn  Gluten  Meal 

Corn  Meal 

Hominy  Feed 

Distillers'  and  Brewers'  Grains 

Dried  Beet  Pulp 

Proprietary  Feeds  (including  Poultry  Feeds) . 
Miscellaneous : 

Peanut  Oil  Meal 

Cocoanut  Oil  Meal 

Corn  Flakes 

Red  Dog  Flour 


No.  Samples 

No.  Deficient 

60 

9 

4 

1 

27 

0 

70 

1 

42 

1 

80 

2 

9 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

4 

0 

25 

1 

3 

0 

4 

0 

58 

11 

15 

3 

25 

0 

429 

53 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

3 

0 

Total 


864 


MISCELLANEOUS  SAMPLES. 

In  Table  V  are  included  samples  submitted  by  purchasers  or 
others  interested.  Most  of  these  have  required  only  partial  or 
complete  fodder  analyses;  but  in  a  few  cases  examinations  were 
made  for  poisons. 


530  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN    268. 

Table  V.     Analyses  of  Feeding  Stuffs 


Material 


Submitted  by 


Corn  Products. 

Buffalo  Gluten  Feed  "A" 

Buffalo  Gluten  Feed  "B" 

Oat  Products. 

Canada  Oats  No.  44 

Ground  Oats  No.  38—40 

Ground  Oats 

Wheat  Products. 

Red  Wheat 

Gold  Medal  Wheat  Bran 

H.  Wheat  Middlings 

Proprietary  Mixed  Feeds. 

Dairy  Feeds  and  Rations. 

Dairy  Feed 

Dairy  Ration 

Big  Y  Dairy  Ration 

Dairy  Ration  Home  Mixture 

Fulpail  Dairy  Ration  No.  1 

Fulpail  Dairy  Ration    No.  2 

Fulpail  20%  Eastern  States  Ration.  .  . 
Milkmore  24%  Eastern  States  Ration. 

Red  Wing  Junior  Dairy  Ration 

Red  Wing  Special  Dairy  Ration 

Red  Wing  Special  Dairy  Ration 

Uncle  John's  24%  Cream  Pot  Ration..  . 

Uncle   John's    24%    Cream    Pot    Dairy 

Ration 

Wadfeeco  Dairy  Ration 

Poultry  Feeds. 

Big  Y  Laying  Mash 

Big  Y  Laying  Mash 

Eastern  States  Egg  Mash , 

Eastern  States  Egg  Mash 

Egg  Mash  22%  Eastern  States  Ration 

Laying  Mash , 

Cracked  Corn 

Frisbie  Meat  and  Bone  Scraps , 

Beef  Scrap 

Bran  A-l 


Granby:  P.  J.  Rogers 

P.  J.  Rogers 

Cromwell:  Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Berlin:  D.  B.  Hubbard,  Jr 

Cromwell:  Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Hazardville:  Amos  D.  Bridges'  Sons 

Plantsville:  C.  A.  Cowles 

Norwich:    S.  C.  Beebe 

Hazardville:  Amos  D.  Bridges'  Sons 
Thomaston:   Nils  Swanson 

Nils  Swanson 

Norwich:  Walter  T.  Clark 

Walter  T.  Clark 

Middletoivn:  Meech  &  Stoddard,  Inc. 

Meech  &  Stoddard,  Inc 

Middlefield:  Lyman  Farm    

Lyman  Farm 

Middletown:  The  Coles  Company. .  . 

New  Haven:  S.  C.  Salmon 

Norwich:  S.  C.  Beebe 

The  Yantic  Grain  &  Products  Co. 

Gaylordsville:  Miss  H.  M.  Barnwell . 

Miss  H.  M.  Barnwell 

Norwich:  Walter  T.  Clark 

Meriden:  Reliable  Grain  &  Feed  Co. 

Cromwell:  Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Middletown:  Middlesex  Refining  Co. 
Cromwell:  Edmund  Peterson 


MISCELLANEOUS    SAMPLES. 

Submitted  by  Individuals. 


531 


Pounds  per  Hundred 


Water 


Ash 


Protein 
(Ns6.25) 


Fiber 


Nitrogen- 
free 
Extract 
(Starch, 
gum, 
etc. 


Ether 

Extract 

(Crude 

fat). 


Remarks 


9.40 

10.15 

1.97 


10.83 
10.10 
10.28 


8.10 
9.56 


6.16 
6.14 


6.20 

12.50 

6.30 


3.34 
2.99 


1.78 
6.04 
4.90 


5.74 


4.91 
5.12 


13.32 

1.03 

31.41 


24.56 
25.63 


11.00 
11.50 
12.31 


12.38 
16. 00 

15.88 


20.94 
26.56 
26.94 
20.75 
21.75 
23.81 
21.63 
25.75 
18.94 
22.63 
20.88 

23.75 

23.19 

25.00 


22.19 
22.06 

21.75 

22.56 

23.06 

25.75 
9.00 

45.88 

56.50 
15.31 


9.18 
9.65 
9.13 


2.20 
8.90 
8.30 


9.18 


6.58 
6.59 


5.50 
1.78 


61.60 
60.56 


70.86 
53.71 
55.09 


44.03 


55.50 
54.43 


41.73 

72.39 

2.11 


5.48 
5.15 


1.95 
5.25 
5.55 


6.70 
5.2i 


6.20 
6.45 


5.10 
5.16 


7.50 

3.30 

14.30 


Guaranty;  protein  20%. 
Guaranty;  protein  24%. 


Guaranty;     protein    24.00,    fat 

6.00,  fiber  9.00%. 
Guaranty;     protein     24.00,     fat 

5.5,  fiber  9.00%. 
Guaranty;  protein  24%. 

Guaranty;     protein     24.00,     fat 
5.00,  fiber  7.00%. 


Guaranty;     protein     20.00,     fat 

4.00%. 
Guaranty;  protein  22.00,  fat  3.5 

fiber,  7.00%. 
Guaranty;  protein  22.00,  fat  3.5, 

fiber  7.00%. 
Guaranty;  protein  22.00%. 


Guaranty;     protein    40.00,    fat 
8%. 


532  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN    268. 

Table  V.     Analyses  of  Feeding  Stuffs 


Material 


Submitted  by 


Proprietary  Mixed  Feeds — Concluded. 

Poultry  Feeds — Concluded. 

Middlings  A-2 

Corn  Meal  A-3 

Beef  Scrap  A-4 

Dry  Ground  Fish  A-5 

Chick  Feed 

Skim  Milk  Curd 

Scratch  Feed 

Mash 

Miscellaneous. 
Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Ground  Oats 

Feed ' 

Wheat  Bran 

Brewers'  Grains 

Oats  &  Barley 

Full  Cream  Milk  Powder 

Bran 

Cottonseed  Meal 

Corn  Meal 

Experimental  Ration 

Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Dry  Buttermilk 

Mash 

Corn  Meal 

Corn 


Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Edmund  Peterson 

Waterbury:  F.  E.  Liebreich 

Bridgeport:  The  Mitchell  Dairy  Co. 

Plainville:    Kosenko    Bros.    Poultry 

Farm 

Kosenko  Bros.  Poultry  Farm 

New  Haven:    Station    Agent,    stock 

of  R.  G.  Davis 

Station   Agent,   stock   of   Critten- 
den Benham  Co 

Thompsonville:  Station  agent,   stock 

of  Geo.  S.  Phelps  &  Co 

Hartford:  Station    agent,    stock     of 

Meech  Grain  Co 

Guilford:  Station     agent,     stock    of 

Fred  C.  Morse 

Middlefield:  Station  agent,  stock  of 

Middlefield  Grain  &  Coal  Co.. 
Middletown:  Station  agent,  stock  of 

Meech  &  Stoddard,  Inc 

Yantic:    Morris  Pearson 

Bridgeport:  Bridgeport  Ice  Delivery 

Co 

Bridgeport  Ice  Delivery  Co. 

Bridgeport  Ice  Delivery  Co 

Stratford:  Samuel  Wallace 

Middletown:  Station  agent,  stock  of 

Meech  &  Stoddard,  Inc 

Station  agent,   stock  of  Meech  & 

Stoddard,  Inc 

Station  agent,   stock  of   Meech  & 

Stoddard,  Inc 

Station  agent,   stock  of  Meech  & 

Stoddard,  Inc 

Warehouse  Point:  Edward  Potwine . 
Storrs:  Dept.  of  Animal  Husbandry . 

Norwich:  H.  F.   Segelkers 

Simsbury:  Robert  Darling 

Bridgeport:   Homeland  Grocery  Store 

Cromwell:  Edmund  Peterson 

Orange:  Howard  Treat 


MISCELLANEOUS    SAMPLES. 
Submitted  by  Individuals. 


533 


Station 
No. 


Pounds  per  Hundred 


Water 


Ash 


Protein 
(Nx6.25) 


Fiber 


Nitrogen- 
free 
Extract 
(Starch, 
gum 
etc.) 


Ether 

Extract 

(Crude 

fat). 


Remarks 


295 
296 
297 
298 
202 
23207 
22809 

22810 


22757 

22758 

22759 

22760 

22761 

22762 

22763 

23469 
22998 

22999 

23000 

1111 

460 

461 

462 

463 

936 

22519 

42 

23003 

333 

896 

1015 


8.58 

11.35 
11.75 
10.81 
11.41 
11.59 
10.81 
11.45 


10.58 

8.70 

13.44 

11.43 

6 '.72 


9.67 
11.18 
18.00 


73 


3.05 
3.11 
3.31 
3.13 
3.01 
3.24 
3.15 


6.22 
5.77 
1.56 

4.08 

o'.66 


7.38 
1.74 


16.81 
10.31 
50.31 
31.94 
20.44 
24.50 
11.31 

22.06 


13.38 

14.31 

12.38 

13.06 

12.88 

12.56 

12.13 

23.88 
16.13 

22.94 
14.00 

14.44 

36.44 

9.50 

17.75 

20.25 

9.38 
17.44 
31.77 
21.38 
10.25 


6.29 

7.88 
8.96 
7.40 
7.51 
8.68 
8.24 


10.00 

12.73 

2.43 

7.43 

6.45 


5.32 
3.18 


60.98 
58.57 
59.30 
60.48 
61.04 
60.37 
60.55 


53.14 

30.28 
69.09 
54.25 

81.99 


50.00 
69.10 


5.62 

4.95 
4.38 
5.24 
4.52 
3.97 
4.34 
4.48 


27.80 
5.62 

6.08 

3.98 

5.06 

6 '.80 

3 '.98 
6.25 
4.55 


534  CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN    268. 

Table  V.     Analyses  of  Feeding  Stuffs 


Station 

No. 


Material 


Submitted  by 


1191 

MlSCELLANEOUS- 

Eastern  States  Mash. . 

-Concluded. 

1195 

Ground  Oats 

1196 

Corn  Meal 

23286 

Poultry  Mash 

515 

Hopper  Mash.  ....... 

Bolton:  J.  W.  Phelps. 


New  Haven:  Crittenden  Benham  Co. 
New  Haven:  Crittenden  Benham  Co. 

South  Glastonbury:  Harry  W.  Ferry 
Seymour:  L.  H.  Smyth 


MISCELLANEOUS  SAMPLES. 
Submitted  by  Individuals. 


535 


Pounds  per  Hundred 

Station 
No. 

Water        Ash 

Protein 
(Nx6.25) 

Fiber 

Nitrogen- 
free 
Extract 
(Starch, 
gum, 
etc. 

Ether 

Extract 

(Crude 

fat). 

Remarks 

1191 

1195 
1196 

23286 
515 

Composed  of  wheat,  corn  and 
oat  products  with  meat  scraps 
all  in  substantial  proportions. 

Chiefly  oats,  trace  corn  and 
wheat;  no  rye  found. 

As  claimed;  slight  contamina- 
tion with  oats,  wheat  and 
buckwheat. 

No  evidence  of  mouldy  or 
smutted  grains. 

No  poisons  detected. 

-  O  O  Q        ^     P  O 

.1  i  n  n  H 


University  of 
Connecticut 

Libraries 


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